![]() Common Article 3 establishes fundamental rules from which no derogation is permitted. They include traditional civil wars, internal armed conflicts that spill over into other States or internal conflicts in which third States or a multinational force intervenes alongside the government. Common Article 3Īrticle 3, common to the four Geneva Conventions, marked a breakthrough, as it covered, for the first time, situations of non-international armed conflicts. It has three annexes containing a model agreement on hospital and safety zones, model regulations on humanitarian relief and model cards. It also contains a specific regime for the treatment of civilian internees. It spells out the obligations of the Occupying Power vis-à-vis the civilian population and contains detailed provisions on humanitarian relief for populations in occupied territory. The bulk of the Convention deals with the status and treatment of protected persons, distinguishing between the situation of foreigners on the territory of one of the parties to the conflict and that of civilians in occupied territory. It contains a short section concerning the general protection of populations against certain consequences of war, without addressing the conduct of hostilities, as such, which was later examined in the Additional Protocols of 1977. The Convention adopted in 1949 takes account of the experiences of World War II. The events of World War II showed the disastrous consequences of the absence of a convention for the protection of civilians in wartime. were concerned with combatants only, not with civilians. The Geneva Conventions, which were adopted before 1949. The fourth Geneva Convention affords protection to civilians, including in occupied territory. The Convention has five annexes containing various model regulations and identity and other cards. The Convention establishes the principle that prisoners of war shall be released and repatriated without delay after the cessation of active hostilities. The conditions and places of captivity were more precisely defined, particularly with regard to the labour of prisoners of war, their financial resources, the relief they receive, and the judicial proceedings instituted against them. ![]() ![]() The categories of persons entitled to prisoner of war status were broadened in accordance with Conventions I and II. It contains 143 articles whereas the 1929 Convention had only 97. This Convention replaced the Prisoners of War Convention of 1929. The third Geneva Convention applies to prisoners of war. It has one annex containing a model identity card for medical and religious personnel. It has 63 articles specifically applicable to war at sea. It closely follows the provisions of the first Geneva Convention in structure and content. This Convention replaced Hague Convention of 1907 for the Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of the Principles of the Geneva Convention. The second Geneva Convention protects wounded, sick and shipwrecked military personnel at sea during war. It has two annexes containing a draft agreement relating to hospital zones and a model identity card for medical and religious personnel. The Convention also recognizes the distinctive emblems. These provide protection for the wounded and sick, but also for medical and religious personnel, medical units and medical transports. This Convention represents the fourth updated version of the Geneva Convention on the wounded and sick following those adopted in 1864, 19. The first Geneva Convention protects wounded and sick soldiers on land during war. Those responsible for grave breaches must be sought, tried or extradited, whatever nationality they may hold. They contain stringent rules to deal with what are known as " grave breaches". The Conventions and their Protocols call for measures to be taken to prevent or put an end to all breaches. They specifically protect people who are not taking part in the hostilities (civilians, health workers and aid workers) and those who are no longer participating in the hostilities, such as wounded, sick and shipwrecked soldiers and prisoners of war. The Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols are at the core of international humanitarian law, the body of international law that regulates the conduct of armed conflict and seeks to limit its effects.
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